1
Early database systems (1960s-1980s) were based on hierarchical, network, and inverted file models, implemented on expensive mainframe computers.
2
Hierarchical database models organize data in a tree-like structure and were first created by IBM in the 1960s.
3
Early database systems lacked flexibility, made reorganizing data difficult, and relied solely on time-consuming programming language interfaces.
4
Relational databases (RDBMS), proposed by E.F. Codd, organize data into linked tables and introduced high-level query languages for easier and quicker data manipulation.
5
Object-oriented databases incorporated concepts like data abstraction, encapsulation, and inheritance, though their use became limited to specialized applications due to complexity.
6
The 1990s brought e-commerce and web applications, utilizing HTML, HTTP, and XML as a primary standard for interchanging data between web pages and databases.
7
New application types—such as scientific, spatial, time series, image/video storage, and data mining—required complex data structures, new data types, and specialized query languages.
8
DBMS developers extended relational capabilities by incorporating object-oriented concepts and offering optional modules (e.g., time series modules) to support advanced applications.